How to Write a Compare #038; Contrast Essay in Shakespeare Studies A Full Guide for Students

The most effective method to Write a Compare #038; Contrast Essay in Shakespeare Studies A Full Guide for Students Initially, a look into exposition is by all accounts a straightforward undertaking †all things considered, you simply need to break down two substances and point out their likenesses and contrasts. Nonetheless, even this apparently unassuming sort of scholarly work has its idiosyncrasies and points of interest that may cause challenges for unpracticed understudies. For instance, you can't simply haphazardly take two things and begin contrasting them. The elements you examine ought to share enough for all intents and purpose to be thought about genuinely †i.e., you can't contrast things that have a place with totally various classifications. Inside the limits of Shakespeare examines, you can pick two of the poet’s plays from a similar period, or think about his comedies and disasters as a rule, or break down two poems composed at various times of his life and analyze in what ways their language, subjects and symbolism is unique. At the end of the day, with regards to investigate articles, the decision of topic characterizes to an enormous degree the future achievement of your composition. Step by step instructions to Choose a Suitable Topic for a Compare and Contrast Essay in Shakespeare Studies The fundamental issue with composing on Shakespeare concentrates by and large and composing look into articles specifically is that it is very elusive anything remotely unique to work with. Shakespeare’s works have been a subject of the most fastidious and sorted out exploration in the course of the most recent couple of hundreds of years. Despite the fact that Shakespeare was a moderately productive essayist, the body of his work is as yet constrained, and all conceivable near examinations have just been completed on different occasions. Obviously, an article doesn't require a similar level of creativity as a postulation or an exposition, yet you despite everything ought to maintain a strategic distance from trite and typical points like ‘Comparison between the characters of Juliet from Romeo and Juliet and Ophelia from Hamlet’. Here are a few proposals on how you can concoct points that are somewhat more inventive. 1. Go Beyond Shakespeare It is extremely simple to get secured expounding on Shakespeare and his works as such, however it doesn't need to be so. There are a lot of approaches to run correlations between Shakespeare-related subjects and different things. For instance, you can think about Shakespeare (his abstract works, job in the advancement of Elizabethan theater, language, and so on.) with different authors of the time. Or on the other hand you can think about exemplary and contemporary creations of his plays, and so on. The way that the origin of numerous Shakespeare’s plays is as yet challenged makes this sort of point considerably all the more intriguing. 2. Compare Shakespeare’s Works with the Sources of His Plots Shakespeare lived in the age when retelling existing stories has been a typical practice that didn't cause a stir. Indeed, most if not the entirety of his plays are performances of the plots from notable sources, for example, Plutarch and Holinshed. For instance, Romeo and Juliet starts from and intently follows Arthur Brooke’s sonnet Romeus and Juliet, which thus depends on a grouping of fundamentally the same as stories whose soonest emphasis can be found in the Ovid’s Metamorphoses. Examination of different variants of stories told by Shakespeare opens up an expansive scene for expected exploration. 3. Compare Shakespeare’s Works with Later Interpretations On the other hand, you can go to the ever-developing number of reevaluations of Shakespeare’s plots made after his demise. In contrast to his forerunners, these works ordinarily plainly allude to Shakespeare as their motivation, however the adjustments presented in them are frequently very sensational. 4. Compare Unrelated Characters from Different Shakespeare’s Plays Characters beginning from a similar play are a characteristic decision for a look into paper, which is actually why you ought to maintain a strategic distance from such themes †you can be certain that most of your friends will pick something like this. It is vastly improved to think about characters that are seldom referenced together. In a perfect world, they should originate from various plays and have scarcely any attributes that would make them clearly relatable to one another (e.g., Shylock from The Merchant of Venice and Caliban from The Tempest). Be innovative, discover approaches to draw matches among them, and you will have the option to compose an intriguing paper. 5. Pay Attention to the Language Shakespeare was an ace of mirroring the idea of his characters through the language they utilized. Concentrate in transit characters talk, pick a few of them that are strikingly comparable or distinctive in both their personality and the manner in which they communicate, and dissect the associations between these two elements. As should be obvious, there are a lot additionally encouraging ways to deal with composing a look into article on Shakespeare concentrates than to just analyze characters from his plays. Here are only a few instances of what you can concoct on the off chance that you think a bit: Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet and Brooke’s Romeus and Juliet: Parallels and Differences; Lord Henry V from the Eponymous Shakespeare’s Play: What Makes Him an Outstanding Leader and How He Compares with Famous Real-Life Leaders; A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Contrasting Views on Love among Humans and Fairies; Likenesses and Differences between Caesar’s death from Julius Caesar and different celebrated political deaths; Macbeth and Malcolm: What Makes These Men Different and Similar to Each Other? Composing a Compare and Contrast Essay on Shakespeare: Pre-Writing Tips Readiness is a colossal piece of work on an investigate exposition. Do it right, and the genuine composing will come down to writing down the contentions you have just defined. 1. Define Similarities and Differences Do a touch of conceptualizing and scribble down all characteristics that make the subjects under examination extraordinary and like one another. You can basically record every one of these characteristics in two segments or, in the event that you are all the more outwardly situated, draw a Venn outline †these can be exceptionally helpful for sorting out your musings. Make the attributes restricting each other in various records comparative with the goal that their resistance bodes well (e.g., Iago is apprehensive and slippery while Othello is bold and naã ¯ve). 2. Define Your Main Argument A legitimate look into exposition is substantially more than a basic specification of likenesses and contrasts. It should utilize them as simply fabricating obstructs for an overall contention, demonstrating the equals and differentiations as parts of a greater picture. Glance through the rundowns you have made and ask yourself: Which focuses are huge and applicable? Are there any examples? How are the focuses you have recorded significant for your course? Which likenesses and contrasts run profound and which are shallow and can be excused? All in all, what is increasingly critical: the similitudes or the distinctions? Separate between what is applicable and what is significant. For instance, on the off chance that you dissect matches between A Midsummer Night’s Dream and Macbeth, you can see that the subject of nature assumes a job in them two. Notwithstanding, the equivalent can be said about any number of different Shakespeare’s plays, so this reality, being pertinent, isn't significant. 3. Formulate Your Thesis A postulation is a critical component of an investigate exposition in light of the fact that the remainder of your paper will spin around it. It will show the peruser that you have an engaged contention from the start, keeping them from losing all sense of direction in various lines of argumentations. By calling attention to your fundamental thought from the earliest starting point, you demonstrate what the peruser should focus on in your composition. A postulation articulation ought to be: Short (no longer than a solitary complex sentence); Direct (it should communicate your point without additional primers); Unambiguous (it should clarify what you need to state, with no unclearness). You can utilize this for instance: â€Å"Although Shylock is clearly the antagonist of The Merchant of Venice, when contrasted with Marlowe’s The Jew of Malta it becomes evident that Shakespeare made his character considerably more human, thoughtful and realistic†. Thoroughly analyze Essay on Shakespeare Studies: The Writing Phase Stage 1. Pick the Type of Structure There are two normal methods of organizing an investigate article: Point by Point With this methodology, you pick a solitary significant purpose of correlation at once and analyze the subjects you examine corresponding to it. For instance, on the off chance that you look at Julius Caesar and Henry V, you can concentrate on their own boldness, capacity to move others, speechcraft capacities and so forth., and examine every one of these attributes independently. Either commit a solitary section to cover the two characters or, on the off chance that you need a more top to bottom methodology, spend a whole passage to break down a character from the point of view of a picked trademark. Focus on the arrangement of your focuses and recall that the point you notice the last will establish the best connection with the peruser. Along these lines, on the off chance that you need the peruser to make a particular inference from your paper, make a point supporting it the last one. Subject by Subject With this methodology, you take one subject and inform everything there is to tell concerning it, at that point proceed onward to the following one and do likewise. E.g., you depict the character of Julius Caesar completely, at that point do likewise for Henry V. As a rule, this methodology is better for shorter articles †now and again you can accommodate your whole depiction of a subject into a solitary passage. In the event that you need numerous passages to do as such, have a go at keeping their structure equal: e.g., utilize a section each to depict Julius Caesar’s character, relations with others and characteristics as a ruler, than utilize three comparable passages for Henry V. The issue with this methodology I

Design a simple apnea detection system

Plan a straightforward apnea identification framework Part 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION Point The point of the venture is to plan a basic apnea recognizing framework with a caution and to characterize the kind of apnea distinguished utilizing LabVIEW. 1.1.1 Normal Respiratory Event: Breath is the wonder of providing oxygen to the tissues and expelling the carbon dioxide from the tissues. Outer breath is the procedure of trade of gases between the lungs and environment. Inward breath is the procedure of gas trade in the tissues. The harmony between the assimilation and discharge of these gases in blood are kept up as breathing movement. During motivation the degree of blood in oxygen increments and it diminishes during exhalation. Chemoreceptors are the tangible receptors in the circulatory system that detects the degree of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood ,and imparts signs to the cerebrum. At that point the cerebrum permits the opening of larynx and vocal lines, trailed by the extension of ribcage and stomach muscles. The chest depression augments to permit the inflow of oxygen into the lungs accordingly bringing about inward breath process. Also the chest pit impedes during the procedure of exhalation and ousts the carbon dioxide from lungs. A greater amount of oxygen inflow brings about most extreme tidal volume and a typical respiratory stream. Fig 1.1 shows the ordinary respiratory sign with breath pace of 12 breaths for each moment. 1.1.2 Applications Rest investigation Polygraphy Aspiratory work Stress test Sports Abrupt Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) 1.1.3 Respiration Signal Specifications Sufficiency 2-200mV Recurrence waveform-0 150Hz Reiteration recurrence 20 cycles for every moment (grown-ups) 100 cycles for every moment (neonates) 1.1.4 Respiratory Measurements Breath rate Tidal volume Apneas Obstructive apnea Focal apnea Hypopnea Tachypnea Bradypnea Apnea record Likewise a few relationships between's EEG, REM rest, apneas, calm rest, non-calm rest and de-immersions. 1.2 APNEA AND ITS TYPES Apnea is the discontinuance of breathing during rest which may go before the capture of the heart and course in a few clinical circumstances, for example, head injury, medicate overdose, sedative complexities and obstructive respiratory ailments. Apnea may likewise happen in untimely children during the main long stretches of life on account of their youthful sensory system. On the off chance that apnea continues for a delayed period, mind capacity can be seriously harmed. In this manner, patients experiencing apnea require close and steady perception of their respiratory action. Apnea screens are especially helpful for checking the respiratory movement of untimely babies. There are three kinds of rest apnea. They are Obstructive apnea Focal rest apnea Blended or complex rest apnea 1.2.1 Obstructive Sleep Apnea People with heftiness because of low muscle tone and delicate tissue around the aviation route offer ascent to a limited aviation route ,so they are at high danger of obstructive rest apnea. The old individuals are bound to experience the ill effects of OSA than youngsters on account of their food propensities, smoking and alcoholic way of life. Men are progressively run of the mill rest apnea victims when contrasted with ladies and children.The danger of OSA ascends with expanding body weight, age, elevated cholesterol, sinus issues, and what's more, patients with diabetes have up to multiple times the danger of having OSA contrasted with others. Loudsnoring, fretful rest, and languor during the daytime are a portion of the basic side effects of OSA. Symptomatic tests incorporate homeoximetryorpolysomnographyin a rest center. Treatment incorporates CPAP contraption that gives nonstop positive aviation route pressure so as to grow their limited nasal pathway 1.2.2 Central Sleep Apnea At the point when the minds respiratory control habitats are imbalanced during rest, it brings about unadulterated focal rest apnea ,likewise called as Cheyne-Stokes breath. In this kind of apnea the cerebrum stops to trigger the respiratory movement for around 30 seconds and triggers when it understands that the patient chokes for oxygen. The sleeper don't relax for a specific period, during which there are no chest developments and no exertion by the patient. Cerebrum doesn't respond promptly with a neurological input to make the respiratory rate even. There is a swing among apnea and hyperpnea so as to repay the requirement for oxygen. After an apnea scene the hypoxia condition is decreased by breathing quicker and engrossing more oxygen. Focal rest apnea might be because of hypertension, abundance stress,and neuronal damage.In a large portion of the cases CSA is treated with meds while some need medical procedure. Fig.1.3 shows Central Sleep Apnea. 1.2.3 Mixed Sleep Apnea Blended rest apnea is a mix of obstructive and focal rest apnea . It is likewise called as mind boggling rest apnea.When obstructive rest apnea condition is serious and longstanding, a few scenes of focal apnea create over the span of rest. Despite the fact that the specific instrument of the loss of focal respiratory drive during rest in OSA is obscure it is most usually identified with corrosive base and CO2feedback breakdowns starting fromheart disappointment. Complex rest apnea has been portrayed by analysts as an alternate component of rest apnea. Patients with complex rest apnea when treated with positive aviation route pressure for OSA was seen to show determined focal rest apnea. In rest disarranged breathing there is an assortment of sicknesses and side effects identifying with weight, cardiovascular, respiratory, and at times, neurological brokenness that have a synergistic impact. 1.2.4 Hypopnea Hypopnea alludes to a transient decrease of wind stream (regularly while sleeping) that goes on for at any rate 10 seconds, shallow breathing, or an anomalous low respiratory rate. Breathing that is shallower or more slow than ordinary. Hypopnea is unmistakable from apnea in which there is no relaxing. Hypopnea originates from the Greek roots hypo-(which means low, under, underneath, down, beneath typical) and pnoe (which means relaxing). Hypopnea is less serious than apnea (which is a progressively complete loss of wind stream). It might similarly bring about a diminished measure of air development into the lungs and can cause oxygen levels in the blood to drop. It all the more usually is because of fractional check of the upper aviation route 1.2.5 Tachypnea Tachypnea implies raised respiratory rate. In certain circumstances, this may be common, for instance when climbing a stairwell. In malady it is demonstrative of issues with oxygenation. It happens when the patient is breathing extremely difficult to make up for the higher than expected PCO2. At the point when the patient is tachypneic it is critical to sit him up in bed. In tachypnea the tidal volume is diminished, the moment volume might be the equivalent in light of the fact that the respiratory rate is expanded. Diminished tidal volume will have awful ramifications for the patient on the grounds that a great deal of vitality is being spent on moving dead air space which doesn't help oxygenate the inside of lungs where gas trade happens. 1.2.6 Bradypnea This is a moderate respiratory rate which is found in the post sedative or quieted understanding. Bradypnea is likewise found in patients who have taken overdoses of barbiturates and additionally hypnotics. Bradypnea with a respiratory pace of in excess of ten breaths may address itself as the patient recuperates from the sedative gases. Now and then, in bradypnea, the patient repays by expanding the tidal volume subsequently the blood gases and oxygen immersion remain stable.Fig 1.6 shows bradypnea with respiratory rate 8b/min. 1.3 IMPEDANCE PNEUMOGRAPHY Impedance pneumography is another viable strategy to screen the breathing of the patient. The procedure additionally empowers the concurrent checking of the pulse and breath. This has certain characteristic impediments. One is that the position of the anodes is basic and other is cardiovascular relic. This outcomes from the discovery of development between the cathodes due to the cardiovascular framework, as opposed to because of breath. Apnea screens should be intended to dismiss this relic. The standard of impedance pneumography is to go a current through the chest between two cathodes, and from the resultant voltage to decide the adjustments in chest impedance which happen during breath. It has been suggested that the impedance change happening in breath is straightforwardly relative to the adjustment in volume of air contained in the chest, and consequently reflects tidal volume. The strategy works by applying a current of around 10 microamperes to 1milliamperes with a recurrence of 30-100 kHz to the chest. This recurrence is sufficiently high to stay away from incitement of tissues, anode polarization and unnecessarily high skin impedance. The anodes are constantly kept up with immaterial potential distinction which makes it conceivable to gauge the impedance of a focal center of thoracic tissue.Thus these impedance changes are gotten as thoracic changes that gives insights regarding respiration.Fig 1.7 shows the square chart Of impedance pneumography method. 1.4 LABVIEW AND ITS APPLICATIONS LabVIEW Research center Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench.LabVIEW is a graphical programming condition utilized by a great many architects and researchers to create refined estimation, test, and control frameworks utilizing natural graphical symbols and wires that take after a flowchart. Biomedical Application: Multisim Simulation with anECGAmplifier Noninvasive Blood Pressure (NIBP) Analyzer Simple ECGGenerator Pulse Variability (HRV) Analyzer ECG Feature Extractor Online Biosignal Noise Reduction Data Logger Biosignal Logger Targets To gather the respiratory database To examine the apnea qualities To distinguish and group apnea To accomplish most extreme exactness To plan a respiratory sign reenactment framework Section 2 Writing SURVEY 2.1 RESPIRATION DATA ACQUISITION, CONVERSION AND DISPLAY SYSTEM 2.1.1 Methodology Breath information is gained and changed over into a progression of heartbeats, the recurrence

Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay Topics

Gre Analytical Writing Solutions to the Real Essay TopicsBy using the best Gre analytical writing solutions to the real essay topics, students can maximize their essays and keep them short and easy to understand. These GRE essay answers help students come up with great essays that will get them into good college programs. These include advanced modules on probability, statistics, and complex topics. The student can easily make use of GRE sample essays to complete the topics.The GRE is a test given to each of the students for them to demonstrate their analytical skills. The section of GRE analyzes a student's abilities in the logical thinking area. This means they have to come up with interesting ideas and examples to back up their ideas. Therefore, by using Gre analytical writing solutions to the real essay topics, students can be sure that their ideas are well researched and backed up with an example.The best way to do this is to use the best GRE essay answers. GRE writing solutions come in various formats and help students make better use of the subjects they are writing on. The problem is that most of the people who study these essays, forget to use these writing solutions. They should not forget to use the best GRE analytical writing solutions to the real essay topics.Students should consider the original ideas carefully and then research the information. This can be very helpful as they can avoid making factual errors and just make a good argument. The best GRE essay answers to help them make sure that their essays are well researched and written.By using the best GRE analytical writing solutions to the real essay topics, the students can also make use of the GRE tools for the exam. They should also make sure that they are writing an excellent essay and put in the extra effort in order to make the essay come out great. All the students can write essays, but only those that take the time to put the time and effort into it, are the ones that will get good re sults. The GRE is no different.The GRE is no different than any other essay test. There are various types of essay questions and answers that each of the students can use to make their essays come out great. The GRE can be used in the most different ways. The best GRE analytical writing solutions to the real essay topics are the GRE analysis essay software that students can use on the computer.The GRE analyzes the original essay topics using the GRE software that the students can use. The information is taken directly from the essay, so the more the student uses it, the better the results will be. The GRE software analyzes the entire essay on the computer and then analyzes the information and will make the choices based on the content. This is a very good way to make sure that the students get the best possible answer to the questions.By using the best GRE analytical writing solutions to the real essay topics, the students can maximize their ability to write essays on subjects that are usually hard to write about. The better the essay, the higher the scores will be. The GRE can be a great tool for a student that wants to make the best of their essay.

The Importance Of Artificial Intelligence - 2225 Words

We are not live in 19th or 20th century anymore. It is the 21st century now; things have changed, such as people, tools, policies, especially the learning environment. Learning areas are not limited to the classroom; it could happen at anywhere, such as the library, home, garden, etc. Therefore, because it is the 21st century, we also need to learn 21st-century skills. Pellegrino and Hilton (2012) mentioned that 21st-century skills include cognitive abilities (nonroutine problem solving, system thinking, and critical thinking), interpersonal skills (range from active listening, to presentation skills, to conflict resolution), and interpersonal skills (broadly clustered under adaptability and self-management/self-development personal†¦show more content†¦Digital technologies are electronic tools, systems, devices and resources that generate, store or process data. These include social media, online games and applications, multimedia, productivity applications, cloud computin g, interoperable systems and mobile devices (Victoria State Government, n.d.). Thus, many people think digital technology and education has connected with each other. They believe that the school is making students learning and spreading the knowledge of society, and digital technology is providing skills for students to be better understand the theory idea, information, and intelligent behavior (Woolf, Lane, Chaudhri and Lolodner, 2013). Digital technology also could help the teacher to develop the personalized educational programs for individuals or groups of students, and even help students use a range of learning styles and methods. Thus, in this essay, I will discuss the problems and the role of digital technology in education, the and explain some ideas could help the school in the future through digital technology. Nowadays, more and more people depend on digital products. Digital technologies are everywhere, and even bringing many exciting opportunities for the society, especially for schools (Ministry of Education, 2017). Therefore, not only adults using or play smartphone or tablets at school or outside the classroom but also many younger people since from their early ageShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Artificial Intelligence1302 Words   |  6 PagesArtificial intelligence is the utilization of computers to imitate human brains in restricted domains. This is a consequence of developing computer which carry on logically, reason rationally and can adequately decipher its surroundings continuously in real time. Artificial Intelligence is no longer a fictionist concept, the superior computing prowess of artificial intelligence has enabled them to surpass humans in problem solving. 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An Examination of the Laws Guiding Aircraft Financing and Leasing - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2824 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 Introduction The airline industry became known in the 1920s but its full development started after the Second World War 11. During the 1950s, aircrafts began to be used for leisure trips as well as for business trips. Due to this expansion of global and domestic air transport system, the aviation industry has made the global economics and cultures cross-fertilized and caused markets to proliferate in number and to grow in size and wealth. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Examination of the Laws Guiding Aircraft Financing and Leasing" essay for you Create order Recently, the aviation industry is an important part of growth to the world economy and must be careful in other for failure not to occur. For this growth to remain in the economy, a considerable amount of capital is needed to support the growth of airlines à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Fleet sizeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Aircraft finance could mean à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Financing an Aircraftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. An aircraft is moveable and tangible as defined by article 7 of the Chicago convention of 7th December 1944[1]. Therefore, an aircraft is alleged to be asset gotten through finance, it has its value and earns good returns. According to Ronald Scheinberg in his book[2], it mentioned that the aircraft finance industry presently is in surplus of US$ 100 billion per year for financing new aircrafts[3]. There are different things that have to do with purchasing an aircraft for an airline industry. Before any purchase can made, firstly the price of the aircraft must be put into consideration which will t hen be negotiated between the manufacturer and the purchaser especially when there is a consideration on buying a large number of airplanes. Another aspect to consider is the financial institution or bank for funds and a life insurance company. Airlines hardly buy aircrafts with their own funds. Instead, they obtain financial assistance in the form of a loan from banks or financial institutions with a secured debenture like personal property or the use of the aircraft as collateral which will be called an equitable trust. In this recent time, it is common with airlines to lease their airlines either by rental or by a long term lease with the right to acquire. The book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“An Introduction to Airline Economicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ [4] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“stated that the legal instruments under which aircrafts are financed or leased varies in the range of secured debt and lease financing device signifies an almost continuous spectrum in the line between one and the otherà ¢Ã¢â€ š ¬Ã‚ . However, aircraft financing is a complex method which involves not only the final users of the aircraft but also the manufacturers, banks, private investors, trustees and institutional lenders. Moreover, aircrafts are expensive and moveable; even if the capital for purchase is available, a factor to consider is risk and flexibility which may affect the acquisition transaction. Aircraft leasing is an important part of financing and accounting of airline companies as regards size of capital as well as the difficulty of the classification. Because of its capital nature, majority of these airlines depend on other means of resources for the purchase of an aircraft. Leasing is a vital means used by airlines to take possession of aircrafts when they are facing financial difficulties. However, lease categorization and other related accounting treatments are critical to the airlines and the industry. An aircraft is not about its ownership but the use of it because an organizat ion may wish to purchase an aircraft for use but finds it unnecessary to purchase its legal title. Leasing is a way of acquiring economic use of an aircraft for a specific period of time without getting ownership interest for the asset. During this period, the lessor (owner) grants the lessee (borrower) to use the property for the stated period of time as agreed and payments will be made to the lessor[5]. An agreement between the lessor and the lessee allows the right to use an asset for an agreed period of time in return of payment which is known as a lease. This is sometimes referred to as hire or hire-purchase contracts or referred to as lease term. As a rule, a lease cannot be cancelled by either of the parties unless there are certain terms and conditions stated in the agreement contract that could prompt its cancellation (bankruptcy, death or non-payment). These lease agreements can state an earlier cancellation on a reasonable ground on a particular date with or without pe nalty for different predestined grounds. At the end of the lease agreement term, the lessee is meant to return the asset to the lessor, except the lessor provides an alternative means for the lessee to purchase the asset. A purchase alternative price is normally in formula base and may be optional for market value or small amount depending on the type of lease. Nevertheless, the problem question of this study is that, it will critically examine the financial aspect relating to leasing, how leasing should be considered during the acquisition process as against the purchase choice with special reference around the world. It will also look carefully on the types of leasing involved, operation or financing an aircraft, its limits, challenges in the airline industry, effects and implications of aircraft financing. 1.1Scope of study Aircraft financing has a wild range of study because it looks at all the aspects of financing which are mostly used around the world purchasing an ai rcraft. It will give us an insight of the financial institutions which provides the leasing facilities to acquire an aircraft. This dissertation will show methods of how different countries carry on with financing/leasing and the laws that also abides to financing and leasing. 1.2Aim of the Study The main aim of this research is to carry out a critical examination on the laws guiding aircraft financing and leasing in the aviation industry and offer unique contributions from a legal point of view. This research is to find out the best typical method to purchase an aircraft from the state of transaction through to the execution and documentation processes, conferring on the issues that arises and decision. It is suggested that a complete examination of the interrelationship between the law and practices of the typical provisions on aircraft operating leases has been rather an understudied area of aircraft finance law to date. For the outline, this dissertation will look at In troduction which is largely descriptive; the Aircraft Operating Lease and Finance which will be analytical and based on research, and will constitute by far the greater body of this study and then conclusion. Lastly, realities, challenges and ambitions will be added at the end of this dissertation suggesting out a form of aircraft operating lease for a second hand aircraft which is used by a leading commercial aircraft leasing company. This will differentiate in details from the second hand by other leasing companies but will explain the contents in the current state of the market. This addition will be precise in showing many of the points made and cross-references will be made where appropriate 1.3Research Methodology In other to get good resources and knowledge on this study, it will be important to study all the laws and materials which relates to this dissertation using Articles, Journals, and books. Using all these materials will support and make this research a bit e asy. This research will be based on critical thinking, reasonable, realistic, practical and full functional examination study using a wholly qualitative method. 1.4Data Collection All sources that will be used to carry out this research are secondary materials. As earlier mentioned the research is wholly a qualitative method. On the proposal, the literature review has shown that the secondary data are available in books, articles, journals and internet base using Westlaw, LexisNexis, Air and Space law journal and internet as a whole. Chapter 2 2.0Aircraft Financing In the Industry The airline industry is a vital industry that has contributed greatly into the entire economy of the world. The industry receives important attention from policy makers and analysts[6]. Aircraft finance is a special unit in the aircraft industry and its purpose consist of leasing, owning and sales of aircraft. This unit relies on a limited revenue sources. The cash flow gotten from this revenue will be used for the payment of operation and other relevant expenses of aircraft finance. Also, to service the interest of outstanding notes, related liquidity reserves and to issue any outstanding amounts to the owners of the beneficial interest certificates[7]. Aircraft finance is the ability to generate enough cash from its aircraft assets to repay the notes which depends on the rental rates it can get from the lease which the lessee agreed on the terms and the price it can realize on any aircraft sale[8]. But for aircraft finance to service th is notes, will depend on the stage of an aircraft finance expenses which includes its maintenance and any unforeseen liabilities. The ability of aircraft finance to produce incomes depends larger on how much effort put by the independent third party service providers as part of their duties and responsibilities. The controlling bodies or trustees have failed in their duties for the property and concerns of aircraft finance due to the terms and conditions of the trust agreement and the indenture. Controlling trustees depend on GE capital aviation services limited (GECAS), Phoenix American Financial Services Inc (Phoenix), the administrative agent, financial advisor and security trustee, Wilmington trust company and Deutsche bank trust company Americas (owner trustee) formerly known as Bankers trust company. In the past, Lehman Brothers Inc acted as an advisor to 3 different aircraft finance and became liquidated in September 2008. Afterwards, Credit Suisse securities (Credit Suisse) was appointed as a replacement to Lehman[9] The development of aircraft financing has been tested through different stages to get to its position. The banking sector support the initial stage followed by the equipment trust certificate (ETC), also the Enhanced Equipment Trust Certificate (EETC), then finally, the Asset Backed Security (ABS). Enhanced Equipment Trust Certificate (EETC) is a corporate bond that share features like credit trenching and liquidity facilities. But Asset Back Security is a different entirely because they are not corporate bonds but backed by leases and attached to a number of airlines instead of been attached to a single airline and this is based on the cash flow from the aircraft leases, loans and collaterals worth of an aircraft. 2.1The Legal Aspect of Aircraft Financing Generally, one of the major problems one may encounter when considering acquiring an aircraft is financing the transaction. Firstly, an airline will contact the manu facturer of an aircraft before purchasing in other to know the financial amount involved because they can be very expensive and this may lead to sourcing for funds to acquire one. Therefore, this will lead to borrowing of money to pay for the purchases then leads to the next stage which is the application process and the types of methods and documents that will be necessary before the acquisition is accepted[10]. 2.2Application Process To purchase an airline, getting a loan is required; therefore the same information needed in purchasing a real estate might be needed to acquire loan to pay for the aircraft. Before this application is made, there might be need to find out if one is credit worthy, if not the possibility of getting the loan becomes void. One important thing that must be done before starting an application process is to assess the credit score. Over the years, prospective creditors had access to a credit score number allocated to the people who applied for cred it until the current change in law because one could not access its own credit score but now they can[11]. Most lenders also get to know about current and potential credit earnings by putting a telephone call through to the employer to confirm the statement presented income tax return in order to get a good employment background history to make sure one is capable to generate income or have enough assets to back up a good loan. This leads to the types of loan documents one would need to felicitate one. Loan documents There are usually document that will be required when applying for a loan for the purchase of an aircraft. These documents are security agreement, promissory note and personal guarantees. Promissory Notes The most important document that must be signed is a promissory note and signing this note, means you must agree to pay the holder of the note the sum owed in addition with any interest as mentioned in the promissory note. One must bear in mind that the notes may be kept by a different holder who may be receiving the payment. The reason for this is because; in most cases the notes might be a negotiable instrument (that is it can be transferred from one holder to another). A promissory note shows the amount that you owe the holder and the interest rates as discussed between the borrower and the lender and this can vary from different buyer and seller agreements. Failure to pay this loan can lead to bad financial risk transaction. Security Agreement On security agreement, a promissory note is a lenderà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s legal sign and evidence that one will pay a loan. However, this promissory note is not enough evidence for the lender that monies will be paid back. In other words, a show of assets (properties) must be added to make the promissory note valid. In considering this risk, the lender will want to get security interest over the aircraft. That is, failure to pay the loan back, the lender can make a claim on the aircraft. However, if the lender is a bank or a financial institution or funds are saved with either of them, the bank or the financial institution can have access to this money. But if the aircraft is repossessed by the lender, one can reclaim the aircraft back before it is sold. For this to be possible, it will amount to full amount paid to clear the debts of the loan and a substantial amount put down to run the loan. However, the attempt of getting back an aircraft might fail because someone else has pur chased the aircraft. When this is done, the difference between what was paid and the loan balance is called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Deficiencyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . This balance is the money paid to the lender to finish paying the loan. It is necessary to note that any change in title to an aircraft may prompt the need to make full payment of the loan. And this type of loan is known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Due on Saleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ clause. This basically means that one cannot transfer title to any other person or entity as long as the loan balances exist without approval from the lender. Guarantees If you make a decision to form a separate entity to have an aircraft, the lender may need the borrower and/or fellow members or shareholders or partners to attest and guarantee making the borrower personally responsible for the payment of the promissory note. The lender accepts this because in some cases, the entity formed may have no assets, credit history or earnings other than the aircraft. The guarantee will mention that if the aircraft owing entity defaults on the agreement signed, the lender will take the payments. Therefore, a personal guarantee is meant to be taken seriously or else the law will impose them, personal credit and assets will be at risk when one fails to comply with the agreement[12]. [1] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"un appareil pouvant se soutenir dans là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢atmosphere grace aux reactions de là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢air. These same words were used in article 1 of the law of 27 June 1937 concerning air navigation. [2] The Commercial Aircraft Financial Handbook [3] The aircraft finance market for used aircraft is yet another multi-billion market. [4] William E.Oà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Connor [5] Kieso Weygandt, Intermediate Accounting 9th Ed, Moyer,McGuigan and Kretlow, Comptemporary Financial Management,11th Ed [6] Bijan Vasigh, Reze Taleghani,Darryl Jenkins, Strategies for managing capital cost in Turbulent industry 2012 [7] Aircraft finance trust annual information statement, Dec 31, 2010 [8] ibid [9] Risk and uncertainties facing aircraft finance- Risk regarding note payments and liquidity. An effect of Lehman Bankruptcy on aircraft financeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s hedging strategy aircraft finance trust annual information statement for the fiscal yea r ended December 31, 2005. Also, aircraft finance trust annual information statement for the year ended December 31st, 2010 [10] Aircraft financing à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" what you should know as originally appeared in finance, offshore à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"summer 2011 [11] A credit score fall between 300 and 900 with 900 the largest possible credit score which borders on some criteria. Payment history (about 35% of the score); amounts owned (about 30% of the score); length of credit (about 15% of the score); pattern of credit used (about 10%of the score); type of credit used (about 10% of the score). Nevertheless, if oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s credit score is 650 and above, then that amounts to a good excellent credit history and cannot come across any problem with the credit checks. But a score of 600-650 signifies average to a good credit history and this makes it possible in getting a loan at the going rates and if the score is below 600, there might be possible problems. [12] Raym ond C. Speciale, Aircraft ownership: a legal and tax guide (2003)

Planning Of Implementation Of Proposed Work Essay

Planning of Implementation of proposed work This plan is the basis for the execution and tracking of all activities that are components of the project. An iterative life cycle model does not attempt to initialize with a full specification of requirements. Instead, development of the software begins by specifying and implementing just part of it, which can then be verified and reviewed in order to identify further requirements. This process is then repeated many times iteratively, producing a new version of the software for each cycle of the model by improving it step by step. In iterative model we are building and improving the product step by step. Hence we can identify the defects at early stages of the project development.This helps to avoids the downward flow of the defects. In iterative model, we can get the reliable user feedback time to time. While presenting sketches and blueprints of the product to users for their valuable feedback, we are effectively asking them to imagine how the product will work. In iterative model little time is spent on documenting process and more time is given for designing part. We can use the iterative mode for software development when the requirements of the complete system are clearly defined and understood and also the project is big scale. Figure 3.1: Iterative Waterfall Model GHRIET-Pune, Department of Computer Engineering, 2016 Fault Tolerant System For 3 hop routing protocol in HWN’s 11 Table 3.1: Implementation Plan TaskShow MoreRelatedNursing Research Utilization Project1349 Words   |  5 Pagesnursing profession has experienced several challenges and emerging issues in the recent past that have significant impacts on the health and wellbeing of the society. 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Accounting Information to Make Better Decisions

Question: Discuss about the Accounting Information to Make Better Decisions. Answer: Introduction The need for information is vital for explicit and concrete management decision-making as well as providing the basis for the sustainable success of an organization. In this regard, accounting information tends to be indispensable to achieving the goal as it serves as an efficient tool for decision making in an organization. In their research, Radcliffe, Campbell Fogarty (2001), provide the notion that decision-making is a core aspect of the executive or management in any organization; however, must be based on the best course of action. The research identifies management accounting as a core aspect that guides decision making by providing financial and economic information which are critical elements for the organization. Nnenna (2012) defines management accounting as " the process of identifying, measurement, accumulation, analysis, interpretation and communication of information that can help the management in fulfilling the organizational objectives." As derived from the definition, the information provided by management accounting enhance the ability to make economic or financial choices in any organization (Schipper, 2010). Apparently, most of the organizations have experienced failures due to poor decision making; however, successful companies thrive through good decisions influenced by accounting information promoting the idea that it's vital for the survival of an organization. Rich, Jones, Mowen Hansen (2012) also postulates that accounting information uncovers bottlenecks before the occurrence and provides a chance to coordinate organizational activities as well as compelling managers to formalize planning based on the defined goals and objectives. The research will evaluate how managers can utilize accounting information to enhance decision-making in their organizations by adopting a mixed research approach and data collection methods such as interviews, observations, and questionnaires to make valid conclusions. Research Aim and Objectives The aim of this research involves evaluating how accounting data can be applied to inform the leaders on the most appropriate decisions to make in their organizations to maximize profits. Different objectives will also be used to help in achieving the above aim as listed below: To evaluate the uses of accounting information in any organization or business To establish how the accounting information can assist managers in decision making. To assess the effectiveness of the decisions made through the influence of accounting information. To explore how the managers can achieve quality accounting information to promote decision making. A brief Methodology The research will adopt different methods to ensure quality information is achieved as well as understand the research objective. The following methods will be applied in this study: Literature Review: The approach is based on an in-depth analysis of critical research works on the same research problem derived from diverse scholarly sources. Being a key management topic, there exist numerous research works on the subject which will provide the basis to compare the research data collected and the existing works to make concrete conclusions on the topic. The literature review approach will also assess the underlying theories or themes to understand what is contained in accounting information and why its effective in decision making (GraziaOana, 2012). Mixed Research Approach: The research approach involves a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research and will form the basis for performing the research. Its impact will be in both data collection and analysis where a descriptive approach will provide data. Additionally, quantitative analysis will be applied and will make use of statistical figures such as graphs and pie charts to analyze and present data. Surveys and Interviews: The two will serve as some of the key methods to collect data necessary to understand the research problem as well as decision making. The methods are effective in providing descriptive data which forms the basis for the completion of this research. To enhance the effectiveness of the research, the data collection tools will be based on selected case such as a renowned organization through which general information on the effectiveness of accounting information on decision-making (Christensen, 2010). Surveys will be conducted through self-administered questionnaires while interviews will include face-to-face method. Information relating to employee views will also be collected as well as that of the managers (Eierle, 2013). Observation of Key indicators of success or failure of the case organization: The method will involve observing the impact of decisions made through the influence of accounting information on the selected case and analyzing the same about performance before the use of the data (Bhimani, Gosselin, Soonawalla Ncube, 2007). Key indicators such as organizational success, financial stability, employee trust on management will help evaluate the effectiveness of the method in decision making. References Bhimani, A., Gosselin, M., Soonawalla, K., Ncube, M. (2007, Jan). The Value Of Accounting Information In Assessing Investment Risk.Cost Management,21, 29-35. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/209698804?accountid=45049 Christensen, J. (2010). Conceptual frameworks of accounting from an information perspective.Accounting and Business Research,40(3), 287-299. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/726401450?accountid=45049 Eierle, B. (2013). The Role Of Management As A User Of Accounting Information: Implications For Standard Setting.Accounting and Management Information Systems,12(2), 55-189. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/1491345010?accountid=45049 GraziaOana, P. (2012). The Role of Accounting Information in the Decision Making Process.Ovidius University Annals, Economic Sciences Series,12(1), 1594-1598. Nnenna. O. M (2012).The use of Accounting Information as an Aid to Management in Decision Making.British Journal of Science, 5(1). Retrieved from https://www.ajournal.co.uk/pdfs/BSvolume5(1)/BSVol.5%20(1)%20Article%207.pdf Radcliffe, V. S., Campbell, D. R., Fogarty, T. J. (2001). Exploring downsizing: A case study on the use of accounting information.Journal of Management Accounting Research,13, 131-157. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/210235498?accountid=45049 Rich, J. S., Jones, J. P., Mowen, M. M., Hansen, D. R. (2012).Cornerstones of financial accounting. Mason., OH: South-Western. Schipper, K. (2010). How can we measure the costs and benefits of changes in financial reporting standards?Accounting and Business Research,40(3), 309-327. Retrieved from https://search.proquest.com/docview/726391189?accountid=45049

UK’s Great Challenge How to Regulate the Internet an Example of the Topic Government and Law Essays by

UK’s Great Challenge: How to Regulate the Internet At the turn of the 21st century man has witnessed the remarkable growth of the Internet. It goes by many names like cyberspace, the Net and the World-Wide-Web, each one a fitting description of its scope, influence, and size even if it is not remotely possible to accurately gauge its attributes. There is a propensity for the Internet to be both a blessing and a curse depending on the user and intended purpose. Thus, since the time that this new technology has become routine in UK and around the world there are many who are clamouring to regulate it. Need essay sample on "UKs Great Challenge: How to Regulate the Internet" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed This paper will show that it would be impossible to regulate something as complicated, far-reaching, and versatile as the Net. Even for a nation known for its serious determination to achieve order and a high degree of excellence such as the UK this would be very unlikely. And this is a good development because no one, no single organization or government in the world should regulate the Internet. Still, there would many who would like to see some form of control and all these will be expounded in the following pages. Need for Regulation The Internet is something that is becoming more and more difficult to fully define as the years go by. It is at its basic form a means of communication, a medium that can be best described as an efficient means of sending messages halfway around the world in a fraction of a second. There can be two way communications here as well as one way communication where an individual or a group can target others and forward a ton of message e.g. advertising and other miscellaneous information. Even though instant and cheap messaging is already a tremendous attribute, as the Internet is concern this is merely scratching the surface. The Internet can also be an online library. The Net can be an online repository of digital documents, pictures, maps and many more. It can also be a means of sending order to shops and suppliers. At the same time it can be used to track the orders that were previously made. The Internet can also be one huge virtual bank where people can send and receive money and where tycoons can move huge amounts of money from one continent to the next without having to travel around the world. The Net can also be a major tool for governing a nation. Its ability to interconnect different branches and agencies of government is an invaluable tool for management. The Internet serves as way for the government to effectively communicate to the whole nation and even to other countries around the world. The Internet can be seen as a web alright, it is a network of computers and servers but it is a complex interweaving of personal, business, and government. This makes it very difficult if not impossible to regulate the web. First, of all trying to monitor all that traffic would require something bigger than the UK, even bigger than the UN and for that to happen would be impractical. Access Even with the Nets powerful attributes and its capability to communicate and send data in such high speeds, it should not pose a major problem. The dilemma lies in the fact that the Internet is an open portal to a new world, meaning a 5 year old can interact with a multitude of personality with differing levels of mental health and most importantly with differing sexual preferences. Clarifying the issue all the more, the Internet is becoming more popular and basically everyone has access to all beneficial as well as disturbing material. Buckingham and Willet pointed out the increasing trend when they wrote: Young peoples access to the internet is steadily increasing. Three quarters of 9 to 19 years-olds in the UK had accessed the internet from a computer at home in spring 2004, this figure being among the highest in Europe and far higher than among UK adults generally. The ways in which the internet is rapidly becoming embedded in everyday life are attracting widespread attention, raising questions about access and inequalities and the balance between online opportunities and risks for children(2006, p. 93). Regulating the net requires tough laws and a demonstration that those who will violate whatever law or statute will be caught, tried, and sentenced for the crime committed. Again this is difficult to do. A person can create a virtual identity, comes in to an internet caf, logs in and then vanishes just like that. It is very easy to hide under false names and pseudonyms. Still, there is a great racket out there, a cry for regulation of some form. There are basically two major problems that are fuelling this uproar and these are listed as follows: Cyber crime Cyber porn With regards to extreme levels of cyber porn there are at least two aspects. The first one is hard core pornography that can be easily accessed by teenagers an age group that should not be allowed to view such disturbing images and acts. The second one concerns the promotion of an illegal act which is called paedophilia. In this respect sociologists Eamonn Carrabine et al, wrote the following: Another instance of globalisation at work is the relatively recent arrival of a complex network of world linked through the Internet that cater for interests in child pornography and paedophile abuse. By most accounts this is widespread, much condemned but quite hard to regulate, and it has generated extensive public talk about it as a problem in much of the Western Media (2004, p. 164). An added factor to the uncontrollable aspect of the Internet is the fact that it goes beyond the borders of the UK. This has been made clear in a BBC News online commentary that says foreign websites could not be prosecuted by British laws. Now faced with this insurmountable problem there are those who will be pushing the envelope and would suggest more stringent measures to punish those in the home front and go after UK citizens who download such types of illegal material (see BBC News, 2007). Mitigating Forces There are no clear-cut laws governing Internet regulation in the UK (see Bidgoli, 2004). Even when pressure is mounting for the UK government to take more serious steps in curbing paedophilia in the Internet and score of other hard core pornographic content on the Web, there is still no law regulating the same. Price and Verhulst asserted that, In the United Kingdom concern over Internet content has not led to specific legislation or licensing controls. However, it has led to the establishment in September 1996 of the Internet Watch Foundation or IWF (2000, p. 70). Now, even if the highest law giving body of the land could not create a practical and reliable system for regulation it doe not mean that there is nothing that can be done to mitigate the impact of illegal content in the Net. As mentioned earlier steps can be made to lessen the harmful effects and one of this is the establishment of institutions such as the IWF. Expounding on this idea, there can be three major groups that can be the mitigating force against the onslaught of Internet crime and these are: Private citizens Government Groups that are in ISP business With regards to the first group there is probably no other component of the three-pronged mitigating force than the self-vigilance of concerned citizens. From parents, teachers, and local community leaders and even teenagers and children themselves can be armed with the knowledge on how to stop cyber crime on its tracks. If there is available software that can filter in smut then these types of software must be studied conscientiously and if there is a need to update the software regularly then this group will just have to pay the price for having a safe home. The children will have to be trained and educated to understand the intricacies of the Web and the various means as to how a paedophile will trap an unsuspecting minor. With regards to the government, there is no doubt that it is the most powerful of the three. The UK government can be the ultimate coordinator in the drive against cyber porn and other cyber crimes. The government has unlimited resources to make other related agencies to focus on the problem. It can also direct schools to establish a campaign for teaching kids. In other words if others will drop the ball, if families and other disparate groups will not take the lead, the government can. The government can also make businesses within the Internet Service Provider industry create more effective steps in identifying pornography sites and then filter it before it can be accessed in homes. But the government can only do so much in this regard. And as Price and Verhulst had pointed out, governments can, consider avenues of self-regulation for industry. However, it is the sector that is subject to the regulation that establishes the process and formula for regulation (2000, p. 58). This simply means that the enterprise in the business of providing Internet services will have to take a more central role in improving the filtering and blocking of unwanted sites for their customers who will demand a more child-safe Internet experience. Self-Regulation The answer then is not a tyrannical control of the Net by a government hell bent on cleaning up cyberspace. And this is perhaps the best thing that could be done, to take responsibility and to take a more pro-active stance in self-regulating internet use. And self-regulation meaning that those who are members of the internet industry specifically ISPs (Internet Service Providers). Another way of putting some order in a very chaotic universe is the acknowledgement by parents and concerned citizens that it is high time for them to take responsibility and carry part of the burden themselves rather than to shift all the blame and the hard work to the government. Buckingham and Willet are both very much on target when they said, With increasing complexity of technology and wider media choice people will have to take more responsibility for what they and their children see and hear on screen and online We will all become Conclusion It has been made very clear in the discussion that the Internet is like a universe to itself. It is a world that has no walls, boundaries and central authority regulating its every movement. But unlike outer space that just sits there doing nothing, the Internet is a world full of wonder, excitement, and lots of information and multi-media content that would surely draw people in. This is a fact well-known to cyber criminals such as paedophiles. Another problem would be the inadvertent access to sites containing lewd scenes and other forms of hard core porn. It is therefore understandable why more and more parents and concerned citizens are demanding for a more effective way of regulating the net. Even if there is a great need to regulate it has been made clear that this would be impossible. The sheer size, scope, and capability of the internet to counteract such moves would make it virtually impossible to see serious regulation to ever occur. In fact, in the UK there is no specific law that can force regulation. Now, this is where it all begins to clash and make the issue very much problematic. Regulation in its broadest meaning could connote the idea of spying on people. A basic understanding of the web will tell that in order to fully stop access to illegal sites there would be a need for a watchdog and would snoop at what the ordinary person is doing. This type of methodology is unacceptable and yet this is the only way to truly regulate the net. There is a reason why there is no specific law in the UK that would enforce regulation. Governments all over the world are benefiting from an internet that is basically unregulated. An unregulated cyberspace can be likened to a free-flowing river where ideas, products and opportunities move in unencumbered. The amount of money generated by the web is even better than all the free trade agreements combine. Still, it does not mean that families and children will be at the mercy of cyber criminals. Even without strict regulatory laws, there are avenues that could be explored with regards to mitigating the impact of a wide-open Internet. There are three groups as mentioned earlier that will create a three-pronged approach to stop paedophiles and psychologically harmful content to ever reach children who are Internet users in the UK. And these are: a) Private Citizens; b) Government; and c) Groups in the ISP businesses. With the government in the centre it can coordinate action plans and enforce laws that will encourage families and business groups in the Internet sector to practice effective self-regulation. In this way the Internet can be monitored but in a way that will pinpoint the problem and not create a blanket authority for the government that may result in the violation of privacy of many individuals. References BBC News. Do Violent Net Porn Laws Go Far Enough? bbc.co.uk [online] Retrived 22 October 2007. from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/talking_point/4196864.stm Bidgoli, H. (2004). The Internet Encyclopedia. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Buckingham, D. & Willett, r. (2006). Digital Generations: Children, Young People, and the New Media. London: Routledge. Carrabine, E. et al. (2004). Criminology a Sociological Introduction. London: Routledge. Hedley, S. (2006). The Law of Electronic Commerce and the Internet in the UK and Ireland. London: Cavendish Publishing Limited. Price, M. & Verhulst, S. (2000). Charting the Course of Self-Regulation on the Internet in a Global: Environment. In C.T. Marsden (Ed.) Regulating the Global Information Society. London: Routledge.

Global Warming in California Professor Ramos Blog

Global Warming in California Many people seem to not pay enough attention to global warming. Our climate has changed so much over that past few years in record breaking ways. The weather is getting hotter and hotter by each passing year. Yet, no one seems to care or pay attention to why this is happening. California is one of the most populated states in the world. We are heavy contributors to this epidemic. Wildfires and hurricanes are beginning to get worse due to the horrible weather conditions we live in on a day to day basis. Living life forms on land are also not the only ones effected by global warming, our fellow sea creature suffers from rising sea levels and climate change in the ocean. This is a very serious issue that I hope after reading this, you’ll pay more attention to our climate change and other natural changes that are due to our atmosphere. One main thing to keep in mind when you think about global warming is the rise of temperature within our decade. Since there’s been more toxic gases released in the air due to our own evolution of industries, we have had our climate been the hottest it’s been in recorded history. â€Å"Over the past 50 years, the average global temperature has increased at the fastest rate in recorded history† (MacMillan NRDC). The scary part about this fact is that it’s only getting hotter. Our summers are breaking the record of the previous summer year by year and it’s something we really need to try and deal with. The main cause of global warming is the greenhouse effect which MacMillan breaks down very simply in her article making it simple for those who don’t believe global warming is â€Å"real†. Greenhouse gases is something that is man-made and being that we live in California, we create an abundance of greenhouse gases. The populated Californi a becomes, the hotter and horrible our climate becomes year after year. One of our natural cause disaster that happens very often in California are the wildfires. The number of wildfires California has a year is very alarming. On average, more than 100,000 wildfires a year in just California alone according to Cal Fire experts. These fires are not only destroying our land, they’re destroying our homes. â€Å"Much of the western United states is extremely dry, and there are many reports of temperatures and forest fires that have broken records. The number of buildings destroyed – nearly 1,000 in a recent count – is staggering† (Moritz 273). Our climate change that we brought upon ourselves is something that’s adding fuel to these forest fires that are potentially destroying homes and agriculture. Its freighting to think that even our own weather can destroy families and homes we worked so hard to build and maintain. We are also creating a problem in our sea life the more global warming gets worse, especially here in populated California. The more and more we contribute to this climate change the more ice caps will melt. Once a significate amount of polar ice caps melts, the rise in our sea levels will begin to happen. This can be a major threat to the costal living area all throughout California. â€Å"Even if world manages to limit global warming to 2 degrees C – the target number for current climate negotiations – sea levels may still rise at least 6 meters (20 feet) above their current heights, radically reshaping the world’s coastline and affecting millions in the process† (Kahn). Our coastal cities that we love to visit will be completely under water. Many live and homes will be gone and we will ultimately face an epidemic in the future that we may not have any control over. â€Å"By 2050, 26 major U.S. cities will face an â€Å"emerging flooding crisis† (Kahan). That number is not far away from as of now. Who knows what cities will be emerged in water by the time 2050 starts slowing coming our way. This is from global warming, this is a man-made condition that the majority of us ignore or don’t believe to be something that’s real. The more we disregard this epic crisis that’ll sooner or later cause us great problems, the faster the effects will come to us. Now, there are some of us that are trying to make a change to this crisis. We are coming up with better transportation solutions that’ll be eco-friendlier towards our atmosphere. More electric power vehicles and solar panels to replace a lot of our technology that causes damage to our atmosphere. Apart of our technology, we have urban forest organizations that plant urban trees to help reduce the amount of green-house gases from emerging into the atmosphere. Many donation organizations that go around and help area of the planet that need agriculture assistance. Planting trees and other greens in dry, high fire risk areas is one great way to help. You can also make changes yourself by getting an eco-friendly vehicle or reduce your drive time by car-pooling. Global warming is something we obviously need to pay more attention too, but there are still good people out there that are trying to make the changes that most of us aren’t doing. Make sure you turn off any electroni cs that you aren’t using, buy energy efficient household products, use less hot water, plant a tree, and always recycle materials that you would normally throw away. I chose this topic to write about because, there are many of us out there that go outside and do fun activities and enjoy the outdoors. Having these harsh climates year by year will decrease the fun time you have when you go outside. I want everyone to be aware that by you making a simple decision like leaving your light on or driving constantly when it’s not necessary can take away the cool refreshing days and leave us inside and living in a world that is constantly hot and unimaginable for us and our loved ones.

Civil Rights Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Civil Rights Act - Research Paper Example Even in the process of passing the Act many opposed it, but at the end of the day, it succeeded and brought with it a new perspective to Americans. It played a vital role in the aspect of racial, gender and religious discrimination in the different sectors. It is essential to look back on how the policy was established in order to assess the usefulness and the importance of the policy today. Background of the Issue During the early years in the 1960s, there was evidently unequal treatment of and opportunities for Blacks and Whites who resided in America. There was an invisible line that prevented the Blacks from securing any governmental position. They have even experienced discrimination within public and private establishments. In relation to this, during the 1960s, Birmingham, Alabama was considered as the most racist place in the U.S. Many of the discriminatory acts against African Americans were done within the limits of the state. In May 2, 1963, a march against the racist stat e was held by more than a thousand of African-American children. The protest was aired over national television and Kennedy, along with the world, witnessed how the protest was stopped by the police. The police used dogs against the children as they knocked the children out with sprays (Vox). It became a window for Kennedy to understand how racism and discrimination could lead people to hurt and even try to kill children. With this on hand, on June 6, 1963, President John F. Kennedy announced on national television that he was urging people to take part in the equal treatment of every individual of different races. After his plea, Kennedy suggested that the Congress should implement a law that would cater to every individual. The law suggested was to address racial discrimination, the voting rights, the right to education and the right of every individual for federal assistance. However, Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963 which could have caused a delay in the passing of the Act. Nonetheless, the assassination of Kennedy did not deter the implementation of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. As the vice president, Lyndon Johnson became the president. He signed it into law on the same day it was approved by the House. It took only a few months prior to the signing of the act into a law in July of 1964 (â€Å"Civil Rights Act†). The passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not immediately end discrimination and inequality among the other races who resided in America. However, there were profound changes that led to the enhancement of the rights of Asians, Blacks, Latinos and women. Prior to the passing of the Act, there was a local and state law on color segregation, which allowed business owners and local government agencies not accommodate Asians, Blacks, Latinos and other races. However, the Act’s greatest achievement was the ending of this segregation and in return, allowed other races to sue public and private establishments that discr iminated or violated their rights. Furthermore, equal employment was also established, which did not allow discrimination in race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in the workplace, during the hiring process, promotion and dismissal of employees. During this time, employment and incomes of Asians, Blacks, Latinos and women rose along with the median income of the families (Hartford; â€Å"

Motivation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 11

Motivation - Essay Example Managers of the 21st century workplace face new kinds of challenges that include employee retention, flexibility of working hours, and interpersonal conflicts in the culturally diverse workplace, which were hardly ever experienced by managers of the mid-20th century. One challenge that managers commonly face in motivating the employees today is employee retention when the opportunities out there are rampant for the employees. Employees in the present age are constantly in search of better opportunities of employment where they can get better salaries and more flexibility of working hours. The Internet has increased the availability of such opportunities to the employees manifolds because of which managers face the risk of losing the employees any time. Another challenge that managers face in motivating the employees today is the conflict between the managerial and employee perception with respect to working hours. While in most companies, managers think that employees have to stay in the office from the start till the break-off time, employees particularly the young employees hold a different perspective; they think that they have to produce the work required of them and it should not matter whether they stay in the office to achieve that goal or elsewhere. When managers make the employees stay in the office against their will, employees’ level of motivation comes down and managers have to take additional measures to raise it back to the original level or higher. The third challenge that managers commonly face in motivating the employees today is of cultural diversity. â€Å"†¦managing organizational behavior during changing times is challenging† (Nelson, Campbell, and Nelson, 2013, p. 12). Over the past few decades, the society has become increasingly multicultural as a result of rapid inflow of immigrants in the advanced countries from the developing and the underdeveloped countries. As a consequence of

Ethical Issues In Operations Management Commerce Essay

Ethical Issues In Operations Management Commerce Essay Ethics in the business sector especially in the operations management is getting more popularity. Ethics is concerned about the rules of human behavior and considers whether or not there is any objective right or wrong. The study of ethics is divided into certain divisions which include descriptive morality, ethical theory, and applied ethics. In business, the concept of ethics is present for thousands of years now. The purpose of this research is to explore the body of knowledge with regards to ethics in operations management. Three questions are presented to set directions as follows: (1) what are ethical issues faced in operations management; (2) how do companies resolve ethical issues in their operations management; and (3) does ethical behavior within the operations function need management. Operations management refers to the approach of managing, designing, improving, and operating business processes or systems that are focused on producing or delivering goods and services. A review of literature about the operations management and the ethical issues within it is conducted to obtain answers to the research questions which are presented by the end part. Chapter I Introduction Ethics is a term which refers to moral philosophy that focuses on the aspects of good life and the difference between better and worse. Ethics is concerned about the rules of human behavior and considers whether or not there is any objective right or wrong. Furthermore, ethics is concerned about the foundations of moral principles and how it evolved. Vee and Skitmore (2003) listed three things that contitute ethics as follows: (1) ethics refers to a system of moral principles which serves as a basis for judging actions as right or wrong; (2) ethics refers to the rules of conduct which illustrates a particular accetable group of human actions; and (3) ethics refers to moral principles of an individual. Considering the definition of ethics, it can be deemed that its main objective is to guide the society on deciding what is good from bad and what is better from worse which is also referred to as normative ethics. This may be done in a general way or may address certain ethical issues o nly. Another form or ethics is termed as metaethics wherein the meaning of ethical language is analyzed to identify their true meaning. Simply speaking, the true meaning of referring to something as a moral act or a right act is analyzed. The study of ethics is divided into certain divisions which include descriptive morality, ethical theory, and applied ethics. The first division which is termed as descriptive morality refers to ethics which is based from the actual principles, customs, beliefs, and practices of the society. Cultural facts differ from certain societal groups to another around the world and these forms as the basis for their acts and what they believe should be right. Second division of ethics is ethical theory which refers to the understanding and justification of moral concepts, principles, and theories. Final division is applied ethics which is focused on the ethical issues in the society. This report belongs to the applied ethics division since its objective is to obtain an understanding on ethics in business and the ethical issues in operations management and how may these be resolved. To achieve this objective, some basic concepts on ethics shall first be discussed followed by its relation to th e business world specifically in operations management. Moreover, a literature review shall be conducted to examine the common ethical issues that occur in operations management and how these are faced by the business sector and other concerned societal groups. This report is expected to add in the body of knowledge which is concerned about ethics in the workplace with discussions that connect the three mentioned division of ethics. Its significance shall be seen in a way that it examines the ethical trends and changes that occur in the business sector from the traditional era to the modern era. Research questions that will serve as guides for the paper are as follows: (1) what are ethical issues faced in operations management; (2) how do companies resolve ethical issues in their operations management; and (3) does ethical behavior within the operations function need management. Some examples of ethical considerations in operations management decisions include customer safety, employee safety, materials recyclability, waste disposal, pollutions, repetitive tasks, stress in workplace, restrictive company cultures, employment policies, fluctuations in working hours, consumption of energy, energy efficiency, implications of plant location, closure, and vertical integration on employment, impact of process location on environment, and exploitation of resources. The next section shall present a literature review of the ethical issue in operations management that actually existed in the business sector and how are they resolved. It shall provide an overview of the ethical issues in the real world to offer a better understanding of the phenomenon. Chapter II Literature Review Businesses in todays world are faced with the pressure of having to comply with the ethical standards to ensure their continued market penetration without risk of being stripped out of the limelight. Businesses face this challenge through their own corporate social responsibility. In this review, the literature regarding the ethical issues in operations management is explored. Articles wrote by authors who focused on the topic of ethics in operations management are identified. Subtopics to be considered are the ethical issues that exist and challenge the operations management, the ethical leadership of an operations manager, their ethical decision-making, how the operations managers ethically influence the people under them, and how ethics in operations management can boost the morale and integrity of an organization as a whole. This review is structured to analyze ethics in operations management through a deeper examination on the mentioned subtopics and findings are considered in t he end. Ethical Reasoning Ethical views differ from one society to another due to the differences in religion. People more often take their religion as the basis for their ethical reasoning since religions present a certain standard for morality. For example, Christians are guided by the Ten Commandments found on the Bible. Other religions are also guided by their own religious books like the Koran and Bhagavad Gita which teaches what people ought to do. Models for good or moral acts are also established in some religions like the Saints or holy people. Despite the fact that the society seem to have grown with the tradition of basing their ethical standards with their own religions, philosophers believe that ethics can stand alone without religious grounds. In philosophy, ethics base its analysis on what is right or wrong on reasoning and experience rather than incorporating religious standards and teachings. This fact also articulates that people who have valid ethical views or ethical standards of living ar e not only those that belong to any religious sector but also those that do not believe to any religion at all. Moreover, the challenge for religious ethics is the idea that something is referred to as ethical because it is approved by God which makes it arbitrary. Ethics should be independent and saying that something is right or wrong should not be based on someones approval. For this reason, a person should learn to have his own skill of moral reasoning. The goal of philosophical ethics is to deal with ethical issues without regarding to any religious views. Ethics is evaluative. This means that referring to an act as either a rightful act or a wrongful act is equivalent to judging or evaluating it. However, it is not enough just judge or evaluate something. A judgment should be supported by certain norms or reason. Furthermore, it is not acceptable to say that a conclusion is given just because the speaker feels that way. A speaker who evaluates something is expected to explain deeper why he delivered such conclusion or attitude. Giving justifications to certain ethical conclusion is essential to ethics. A persons reasoning may be based from a prior experience regarding the said conclusion. Reasoning may not always be rational of objective since everyone can admit that in every decision making done, emotions and feelings always interfere. A person can conclude that say because he might have experienced the emotions that are accompanied in that certain situation. Ethical evaluation has several domains including action, consequences, character, and motive. In evaluating a certain situation, the actions of either the parties involved constitute either right or wrong deeds. When concluding who of the parties is right, it is necessary that a person know the meaning of the term right. Right actions are those that are permissible including those that are obligatory and optional while wrong actions are those that are not permissible. Another domain of evaluating an ethical situation is the analysis of the consequences. An action is considered right if the results are positive while it is considered wrong when the consequences are otherwise negative. This is studied in teteological ethics which is beyond the scope of this report. Another area of ethical evaluation is the analysis of character of the doer of an action. People with bad character traits usually has negative outlook on life and are likely to act in a way harmful to others. Last domain if ethical evaluation is the motive or intention behind an action. These ethical evaluation domains shall guide this report in analyzing the reasons behind ethical issues that exist in business. Ethics in Business Ethics in business is not a new trend. In fact, it is already present for over four thousand years now. With the changing trends in the business world, the society is getting more concerned about the corporate responsibility of businesses. Debates have also been conducted focusing on the social issue of poverty among the workers and the corresponding responsibility of the employers about the issue. Even in the ancient times, issues on ethics in business can be observed just like in the teachings of Aristotle about the harmful effects of the gaps that exist between the economical utilization of goods and the profit making objective of many merchants. At present, the rise of the concept of corporate social responsibility among the business sector constitutes corporate initiatives of integrating several ethical aspects such as establishment of codes of conduct, environment management system measures, health and safety in the workplace, compliance to financial reporting standards, certif ications schemes, company partnerships with community groups, and support for projects that are aimed for community development. There are several factors for the demand of the society for business ethics as a corporate responsibility. Some of these include the changing social role of corporate entities, globalization, developments in technology, and moral authority democratization. In the past, the responsibility or regulating all aspects of social life rests in the hands of the government. However, with the evolution of time, some duties are being moved from the government to the other sectors of the society including the individuals, the social groups, and the business sector. With this trend, corporate entities are required to establish their own self-regulation policies especially that the government has recognized the fact that fully controlling the business sector is not always an efficient way of influencing corporate behavior. Increased pressure is put on the business sector about the possible consequences of their policies on the society. Globalization is another driving factor for the societys demand of business ethics among the business sector. Currently, many businesses enter the international market and corporations tend to invest worldwide since this gives them more opportunities to grow. However, with the trend of entering in different foreign markets, there are complex things to consider including ethics. Customs and traditions in foreign lands differ from each other and some business practices that may be acceptable to one nation may not be accepted in the same sense in another. Businesses are often expected to adapt with the customs and values of the foreign land that they are trying to penetrate. Pressure on companys corporate social responsibility is high since there is still no firm and effective supervision governing the international business behavior. Developments in technology seem to be a great source of questions of morality. Technology at the current time is considered advanced and it provides a way for people to experience things that are thought to be impossible before. Technological development brings convenience to the society and contributes to the establishment of a kind of life that is better than before. Ethics come to picture as the society examines the real consequences of technology to the way of life. The effect of technology to the world is complex and the government has not enough capacity to handle the issues accompanying it which makes it necessary for the business sector to take actions on whatever consequences their own technology may bring. In the past, moral authority often rests among a few groups in the society including the Church, the government, and the theorists. At present, the opinions of the mentioned authorities are now considered as a regular opinion which can be aligned with the opinions of a regular entity. The power and control they once had over judging and handling ethical issues has faded and now there is a democratization of moral authority. This again puts pressure on the business sector to manage their ethical affairs seriously since everyone seem to have the authority to criticize their business practices are compliance to ethical standards. Businesses are compelled to open their policies to the public when questioned about their business ethics. Moreover, with the intrusion of media, the businesses are more exposed to public which makes them susceptible to any ethical criticism. The relationship of a business to its stakeholders is the primary concern of business ethics. Stakeholders may include all the entities that have interest on a company or are influenced by the company such as the shareholders, the customers, the employees, suppliers, competitors, the government, and others. Seeking business strategies that will consider the interest of all the stakeholders is not an easy task for a company but an important mission of every manager and all the high ranking company officials. Like any other company managers, operations manager has one of the most important duties of handling decision making processes regarding ethics in operations management. Ethics in Operations Management To obtain a better understanding of operations management, it is necessary to define what operations mean. Operations refer to the portion of business which is responsible for the production of goods and services. Operations management therefore refers to the approach of managing, designing, improving, and operating business processes or systems that are focused on producing or delivering goods and services. In other words, operations management involves the process of converting a set of inputs into outputs (Hassin, 2009). The term operations management originated from the concept of productions management used in the past which refers to the process of converting raw materials into finished products. However, with the evolution of time, the term expanded to production and operations management to integrate the operations in the servicing industry until currently, it is now termed as operations management. The main objective of the operations management is to ensure that products and services are delivered to customers at best quality but at lowest costs. Some huge organizations have separate operations management departments that do operations activities while some companies do not have, but regardless of this fact, all organizations have operations endeavors and every organizational member is involved in operations in some way. A companys operations management function is headed by the operations manager who has the primary duty of managing resources involved in operations. Some of the areas of decision making that are included in the duties of a companys operations management are formulation of operations strategy, setting of operations performance objectives, configuring process types, ensuring prompt service, layout design, planning for long-term capacity, facility location, technology to be adopted, designing of products and services, designing processes, and employee motivation. Business activities which are considered as operations include manufacturing, supply, transport, and service. Manufacturing activity involves the conversion of raw materials to final products which are eventually sold to customers. Supply is another business activity which involves the change of ownership of a certain physical good from the company to the customer. This is a usual business activity among the companies in the retail distribution industry. Third business activity described as included in operations is transport. This refers to the process of transferring of goods from one place to another. Finally, service is an operations activity which involves changing of the condition of the customers. Operations of a certain company may not only be limited to only one of the mentioned activities. For example, a company which manufactures a certain product also supplies the same to the end customers. In this company, several operations management activities involved are manufacturi ng, supply, and transport. Different organizations belonging to different industries adopt operations strategies that fit their businesses. However, some approaches adopted by different organizations in their operations strategies tend to be common and similar to each other. Certain requirements for an effective operations strategy include appropriateness, comprehensiveness, coherence, consistence, credibility, and ethicality. Appropriateness refers to the alignment of the operations strategy with the companys competitive strategy. This is especially necessary when operations strategy is formulated for the purpose of connecting the companys operations to its goal of developing a competitive edge over the competitors. An operations strategy is also required to be comprehensive where all aspect of operations is tackled. Operations management is included in a companys complex process of business and achieving excellent performance which makes it necessary for every strategy to deal with every aspect of operations rather than limiting tactics on minor operational decisions. Furthermore, it is not enough that operations strategy be comprehensive, it must also be coherent. Every element of the strategy which refers to specific operations function must point to the same direction for the strategy to be effective. From period to period, operations strategy may be modified but one important thing is noted, it should be consistent through time. Credibility is another factor for an effective operations strategy. It is important that every strategic goal is realizable to maintain credibility. A strategic objective which the operations management failed to achieve may give a negative impact on the strategy and the employees may be discouraged to support it subsequently. Finally, an effective operations strategy should be ethical. An operation strategy may have consequences after its implementation which makes it necessary to be formulated based of ethical standards. The role of ethics in operations management is important especially in world-class operations and it should be considered in corporate responsibility. This claim is based on the fact that most of the ethical issues in businesses originate from the operations level. Another reason for importance of ethics is the ethical consequences that arise from the strategy of some companies to obtain cost advantage by outsourcing. Ethics in operations management is concerned on the way how profit is obtained rather than on the quantity of profit which is considered enough. The tension is between profits and the responsibilities of the company. Steenkamp (2010) described operations management as a management function which receives least attention and understanding. Aspects in operations are often left to the engineers and other concerned professionals or especialists. The term is not even used among the organizations in the servicing industry. Realizing this gap, it is important to understand that operations management should be taken into consideration since it is one of the functions that helps an organization to create and increase its value. Ethical issues comes with the importance of understanding operations management. Ethical dilemmas refer to a certain situation or issue wherein a decision has to be made to adopt one of the two equally urgent yet incompatible alternatives (Mirwoba, 2009). One popular ethical issue discussed in the literature regarding operations management is opportunism. This issue has been a topic of many empirical studies conducted to focus on business and management field. Opportunism is considered in the literature as an unethical behavior which refers to the abuse of opportunity. In company operations, managers or other professionals involved are vulnerable to unethical choices due to plentiful number of opportunities which may be abused. Some of the factors that drive professionals to engage in unethical behaviors are the pressures brought by the demands for cost reduction and unrealizable strategic objectives. One area of operations which is faced with an increased vulnerability of engaging to unethical behavior is the procurement since the employee assigned in this proce ss handles a significant amount of company resources (Carter, 2000). Furthermore, the procurement process has an increased exposure to the external environment of a certain organization which makes it possible for easy conduct of an unethical act. This is not beneficial to the organization since its reputation is in jeopardy since the employee assigned in the procurement process acts in behalf of the organization as a whole when dealing with third parties. The empirical and conceptual research history of ethics in the procurement process of a business is affluent. The procurement activity within business operations is also the subject of another article by Ho (2012). The importance of ethics in managing business operations is stressed out in the article. Ethics is an essential requirement in order to build and maintain a good relationship between a business entity and other parties included in the conduct of its operations such as the suppliers. The procurement function in a business organization is critical for the achievement of business goals since. An organizations effective operations depend on the effective performance of the purchasing function while achieving global competitiveness depends on effective operations. It is therefore important that ethics is integrated in the whole process to ensure good relationship to suppliers and eventually to satisy the needs and wants of the customers. One ethical challenge by procurement off icers is the situation where many suppliers compete and offer different favors and gifts just to create a business deal. In many situations, the relationship of the procurement officer not only to the supplier but also to his employer may also be affected. More ethical challenges include having to exagerate the problem of either the buyer or the supplier in order to obtain a business deal, offering preferential treatment to certain parties, allowing certain personalities to interfere with business deals, engaging in reciprocity, and seeking and providing information of different qoutes from different competitors either in a fair or unfair manner. Bribery is another requently mentioned ethical issue in the literature (Vee Skitmore, 2003). Bribery refers to the act of offering payments, goods or opportunities in exchange for something favorable. Accepting gifts is not a bad act but the situation tells whether it is unethical. When in operations, accepting gifts from people who have direct influence on the operations functions maybe considered as unethical expecially when the person being gifted and have the ability to satisfy the interest of the gift giver. Other ethical issues to consider in operations are breach of confidence, negligence, and fraud. The establishment of a code of conduct within an organization can greatly help operations especialists to decide on a certain ethical issue. Everyday, everyone are faced with the need to decide on a certain ethical issue. Organizations are faced with the pressure of having to demonstrate to the public their ability to decide correctly on an ethical issue. Organizations need to maintain a good reputation and the public trust to ensure their existence on the market. In order to achieve this, it is important for an organization to develop their own ethical code of conduct to guide every employee to decide correctly and to instill discipline among them. Ethical leadership is seen as an important factor to instill ethics in a certain organization (Monahan, 2012). In the literature, ethical leadership is increasingly studied relevant to the operations of organizations. Many articles relating to the role of unethical behaviors in the failure of great companies take the example of Enron where thousands of employees were harmed due to the unethical actions of a few executives. Not only were the employees harmed but the ethical controversy also influenced other external factors such as the confidence of the public over the financial systems and the emergence of more strict government legislations. The increasing number of companies being involved in many ethical controversies which even brought them down made it possible for the others to realize the importance of integrating ethics in managing company operations in order to ensure profitability. Companies are more and more aware of this trend and have started to take actions to redirect their strategic plans to include ethical strategies in their paths to success. However, this move is never an easy way since in the current business environment where every company strives for international penetration or globalization and competition is getting tougher, ethical considerations are getting complex and extensive too. In this situation, ethical leadership in a company is needed to be headed by a charismatic leader (Mackie, Taylor, Finegold, Daar, Singer, 2006). In two studies mentioned by (Monahan, 2012), it was revealed that one problem among organizations that concerns ethics is the lack of ethical leadership. Employees often do unethical actions or misconducts due to their lack of trust over their company leaders and the situation is even worsened by the poverty and weak economy. Furthermore, survey results support the idea since a significant percentage of employees were observed to question themselves is ethics even exists within their own organizations. Actually, having to follow the standards is an easy task. However, everythings gets complicated when ethical dilemmas arise and there is no one in the organization to take responsibility. This prompted the need of every organization to have an ethical leader. Managing ethical behavior not only within operations management but within an organization as a whole is one of the nost pervasive and complex challenge of modern companies (Stead, Worrell, Stead, 1990). There are three theories introduced in the literature which describe ethical leadership (Plinio, 2009). These theories include transformational leadership, servant leadership, and authentic leadership. The first theory states that a leadership transforms both the leader and followers through increasing the level of conducts and aspirations. The second theory, on the other hand, states that the leader should possess the character of devotion to change the ethical views of the followers. Finally, the third theory states that ethics comes from every individual through being true to themselves. Ethical character within an organization will not be achieved unless every member develops their own ethical character within themselves. Every member of an organization should have the choice of analyzing their inner character in every mistakes done, career setbacks that occur, and failures on their jobs. In other words, every organizational leader should develop their integrity to foster ethics. Harris, Sapienza, and Bowie (2011) mentioned in their article the decision-making process of managers. Individual differ in ethical decision-making. In fact, those that belong to the business world even have greater differences than those that do not. The differences may be due to different influences such as socio-cultural factors. Decision-making in a certain ethical situation is really a dilemma. This is especially true when the operations manager is required to choose between two alternatives which are unfavorable. This can be considered a tough challenge for the person in the situation. In some cases, ethical dilemmas may be impossible to resolve due to reasons like disintegration of value system. In todays world when every company aims for globalization, companies are faced with conflicting issues between the company objective of profitability and their corporate social responsibility. Ethics in the global market is complicated, so is the decision-making that operations managers have to face. The literature proposes theoretical concepts regarding ethical decision-making including relativism, moral imperialism, and universalism (Mirwoba, 2009). Relativism refers to the principle that a company should follow the ethical standards and norms of the country where they do business. Companies, therefore, follow different sets of ethical standards depending on the culture of a certain nation. This can be unfavorable to a business since there is no constant standard that employees should remember. A company cannot establish its definite ethical standards since cultures in other nations may be conflicting. Complexity occurs when operations in home market differ from the operations done in foreign markets. In the theory of moral imperialism, things are done in the opposite way of relativism. Moral imperialists argue that individuals should retain their own ethical views even when doing business in foreign lands. Ethics applied in operations in the home market is done the same way in other company branches even in global markets. Some authors, however, argue that the mentioned theories can both serve as bases for an ethical decision making where a certain alternative is chosen considering the norms in the foreign market and the company standards. In the theory of universalism, universal guidelines are considered. These often include fundamental human rights issues, environmental protection, consumer protection, and basic freedoms. This foundation of code of ethics is the most advantageous to many corporations since serious mistakes in actions and uncertainties in operations may be avoided. Most of the discussions focused on the operations management in private corporations which are profit-oriented. However, ethical issues not only occur in profit-oriented companies but also with non-profit corporations (Robinson Yeh, 2007). The challenge of strict compliance to ethical standards among the non-profit corporations is driven by the attempt of doing the right things. Furthermore, non-profit organizations are inclined to achieving their social goals rather than maximizing profits. When people encounter the concept of soc